Trombosit bukan lagi istilah yang asing bagi masyarakat awam. Sebab, istilah trombosit ini sering terdengar ketika kita melakukan pemeriksaan darah. Setidaknya kita tahu bahwa trombosit ini adalah sesuatu yang ada dalam darah atau mungkin bagian dari darah.
Begitu mendengar istilah “trombosit rendah” maka hal tersebut sering dikaitkan dengan demam berdarah. Sebab penyakit ini yang paling umum bagi masyarakat yang menyebabkan kadar trombosit menurun. Padahal, masih banyak penyakit lain yang menyebabkan menurunnya kadar trombosit dalam darah.
Trombosit atau platelet atau keping darah merupakan fragmen kecil dalam darah yang berfungsi untuk pembekuan darah. Ketika kita mengalami perdarahan baik akibat luka kecil maupun besar, maka trombosit berperan untuk melakukan pembekuan agar perdarahan dapat berhenti.
Kadar normal trombosit sekitar 150.000 – 450.000. Kadar trombosit dibawah 150.000 disebut trombositopenia sedangkan jika lebih dari 450.000 disebut trombositosis.
Ingat, penyebab trombosit rendah bukan hanya akibat Demam Berdarah Dengue. Trombositopenia dapat disebabkan banyak hal.
Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura
Merupakan penyakit autoimun dimana sel trombosit dibungkus oleh autoantibodi. Ini termasuk salah satu penyakit yang sering menyebabkan trombositopenia.
Penyebab penyakit ini sendiri belum diketahui secara pasti. Hanya saja penyakit ITP termasuk penyakit autoimun. Dulu, istilah ITP disingkat dari Idiopathic Trombocytopenia Purpura. Idiopathic artinya belum jelas penyebabnya.
Obat-obatan
Paling sering disebabkan heparin. Kurang lebih 1% pasien yang menerima terapi heparin akan mengalami komplikasi ini. Kemungkinan hal ini terjadi akibat efek obat ini yang memanjang, sebab heparin sendiri adalah obat antikoagulan yang mencegah penggumpalan darah.
Trombositopenia terjadi dalam 1-7 hari tergantung tipenya.
Obat lain penyebab trombositopenia adalah quinine, kotrimoksazole, carbamazepine, ranitidine, dan chlorporpamide.
Namun bukan berarti obat-obat ini akan selalu pasti menyebabkan trombositopenia. Tidak. Ada banyak faktor mengapa obat-obat ini akhirnya mengakibatkan trombositopenia. Misalnya, bisa akibat dosis yang tidak sesuai, juga karena riwayat trombositopenia individu itu sendiri dan lain sebagainya.
Infeksi
Infeksi virus Dengue (DBD) sering kali menyebabkan penurunan trombosit. Bahkan tanda ini selalu menjadi salah satu pendukung diagnosis DBD. Bagi awam, demam disertai trombositopenia selalu dicurigai DBD. Padahal, itu belum tentu.
Infeksi lain yang menyebabkan trombositopenia antara lain HIV Aids, Hepatitis C, Cytomegalovirus dan Epstein-Barr. Ada penyakit infeksi lain yang belum disebutkan?
Anemia Aplastik
Adalah suatu penyakit dimana seluruh komponen darah berkurang, baik itu eritrosit, leukosit dan termasuk trombositopenia.
Penyebab anemia aplastik juga beragam. Dan salah satu penyebabnya bisa diakibatkan konsumsi obat (antibiotik). Penyebab lainnya yaitu paparan bahan kimia benzena dalam bensin.
Penyebab lainnya
Penyebab lainnya kondisi kehamilan, defisiensi folat, defisiensi besi, konsumsi alkohol berlebih, myelodisplasia, hemolytic uremic syndrome dan lain-lain
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